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Academia

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Recopilación de Evidencia Científica

El consumo de carne ha sido un componente central en la evolución humana, pero en las últimas décadas ha generado un intenso escrutinio debido a sus posibles efectos en la salud. A través de estudios antropológicos, análisis evolutivos y ensayos clínicos, la evidencia científica proporciona una comprensión detallada sobre los beneficios y riesgos asociados al consumo de carne.

Esta revisión recopila investigaciones clave que abordan su impacto en enfermedades crónicas como el cáncer, las enfermedades cardiovasculares y los trastornos mentales, así como su papel en la adaptación digestiva humana. Además, se incluyen estudios que exploran los efectos de las grasas saturadas, el colesterol y la cantidad de proteínas, comparando las fuentes animales con alternativas vegetales.

Antropología

  • Zhu, L., Wu, Q., Deng, C., Zhang, M., Zhang, C., Chen, H., Lu, G., & Wei, F. (2018). Adaptive evolution to a high purine and fat diet of carnivorans revealed by gut microbiomes and host genomes. Environmental Microbiology, 20(6), 1711–1722. https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.14096. Número de participantes: N/A.
  • Román-Palacios, C., Scholl, J. P., & Wiens, J. (2019). Evolution of diet across the animal tree of life. Evolution Letters, 3(4), 339–347. https://doi.org/10.1002/evl3.127. Número de participantes: 1087 especies animales.
  • Buddington, R., Krogdahl, Å., & Bakke-McKellep, A. M. (1997). The intestines of carnivorous fish: structure and functions and the relations with diet. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum, 638, 67–80. Número de participantes: Estudio comparativo de especies carnívoras y omnívoras.
  • Ungar, P. S. (2006). Dental Topography and Human Evolution: With a Special Reference to Enamel. Evolutionary Anthropology, 15(2), 65–77. Número de participantes: Estudio fósil en homínidos.

Adaptación digestiva

Referencias APA:

  • Vasconcelos, I. M., & Oliveira, J. T. A. (2004). Antinutritional properties of plant lectins. Toxicology, 184(1), 11–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2004.06.006. Número de participantes: Estudio en animales.
  • Fasano, A., Berti, I., Gerarduzzi, T., Not, T., Colletti, R. B., Drago, S., Elitsur, Y., Green, P. H., Guandalini, S., Hill, I. D., Pietzak, M., Ventura, A., Thorpe, M., Kryszak, D., Fornaroli, F., Wasserman, S. S., Murray, J. A., & Horvath, K. (2003). Prevalence of celiac disease in at-risk and not-at-risk groups in the United States: a large multicenter study. Archives of Internal Medicine, 163(3), 286–292. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.163.3.286. Número de participantes: 120 personas con enfermedad celíaca.
  • Perry, G. H., Dominy, N. J., Claw, K. G., Lee, A. S., Fiegler, H., Redon, R., Werner, J., Villanea, F. A., Mountain, J. L., Misra, R., Carter, N. P., Lee, C., & Stone, A. C. (2007). Diet and the evolution of human amylase gene copy number variation. Nature Genetics, 39(10), 1256–1260. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng2123. Número de participantes: 50 individuos.
  • Gibson, P. R., & Shepherd, S. J. (2010). Evidence-based dietary management of functional gastrointestinal symptoms: The FODMAP approach. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 25(2), 252–258. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.06149.x. Número de participantes: 90 pacientes con síndrome de intestino irritable (SII).

Carne

Estudios de randomización mendeliana

Trastornos mentales

Cáncer

  • He, M., Huan, L., Wang, X. et al. Nine dietary habits and risk of colorectal cancer: a Mendelian randomization study. BMC Med Genomics 17, 21 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12920-023-01782-7

  • Yun, Z., Nan, M., Li, X., Liu, Z., Xu, J., Du, X., Dong, Q., & Hou, L. (2023). Processed meat, red meat, white meat, and digestive tract cancers: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Frontiers in nutrition, 10, 1078963. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1078963

Revisión sistemáticas

  • Turner, N. D., & Lloyd, S. K. (2017). Association between red meat consumption and colon cancer: A systematic review of experimental results. Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.), 242(8), 813–839. https://doi.org/10.1177/1535370217693117

  • Hawley AL, Liang X, Børsheim E, Wolfe RR, Salisbury L, Hendy E, Wu H, Walker S, Tacinelli AM, Baum JI. The potential role of beef and nutrients found in beef on outcomes of wellbeing in healthy adults 50 years of age and older: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Meat Sci. 2022 Jul;189:108830. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2022.108830. Epub 2022 Apr 21. PMID: 35483315.

Meta análisis

  • Bylsma, L. C., & Alexander, D. D. (2015). A review and meta-analysis of prospective studies of red and processed meat, meat cooking methods, heme iron, heterocyclic amines and prostate cancer. Nutrition journal, 14, 125. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-015-0111-3
  • Alexander DD, Weed DL, Miller PE, Mohamed MA. Red Meat and Colorectal Cancer: A Quantitative Update on the State of the Epidemiologic Science. J Am Coll Nutr. 2015;34(6):521-43. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2014.992553. Epub 2015 May 5. PMID: 25941850; PMCID: PMC4673592. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4673592/
  • Johnston, B. C., Zeraatkar, D., Han, M. A., Vernooij, R. W. M., Valli, C., El Dib, R., Marshall, C., Stover, P. J., Fairweather-Taitt, S., Wójcik, G., Bhatia, F., de Souza, R., Brotons, C., Meerpohl, J. J., Patel, C. J., Djulbegovic, B., Alonso-Coello, P., Bala, M. M., & Guyatt, G. H. (2019). Unprocessed Red Meat and Processed Meat Consumption: Dietary Guideline Recommendations From the Nutritional Recommendations (NutriRECS) Consortium. Annals of internal medicine, 171(10), 756–764. https://doi.org/10.7326/M19-1621
  • Vernooij, R. W. M., Zeraatkar, D., Han, M. A., El Dib, R., Zworth, M., Milio, K., Sit, D., Lee, Y., Gomaa, H., Valli, C., Swierz, M. J., Chang, Y., Hanna, S. E., Brauer, P. M., Sievenpiper, J., de Souza, R., Alonso-Coello, P., Bala, M. M., Guyatt, G. H., & Johnston, B. C. (2019). Patterns of Red and Processed Meat Consumption and Risk for Cardiometabolic and Cancer Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cohort Studies. Annals of internal medicine, 171(10), 732–741. https://doi.org/10.7326/M19-1583
  • Zeraatkar D, Johnston BC, Bartoszko J, et al. Effect of lower versus higher red meat intake on cardiometabolic and cancer outcomes: a systematic review of randomized trials. Ann Intern Med. 2019;171(10):721–731. doi: 10.7326/M19-0622
  • Han MA, Zeraatkar D, Guyatt GH, et al. Reduction of red and processed meat intake and cancer mortality and incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Ann Intern Med. 2019;171(10):711–720. doi: 10.7326/M19-0699

ECV

  • O’Connor, L. E., Kim, J. E., Clark, C. M., Zhu, W., & Campbell, W. W. (2021). Effects of Total Red Meat Intake on Glycemic Control and Inflammatory Biomarkers: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 12(1), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmaa096

  • Lescinsky, H., Afshin, A., Ashbaugh, C., Bisignano, C., Brauer, M., Ferrara, G., Hay, S. I., He, J., Iannucci, V., Marczak, L. B., McLaughlin, S. A., Mullany, E. C., Parent, M. C., Serfes, A. L., Sorensen, R. J. D., Aravkin, A. Y., Zheng, P., & Murray, C. J. L. (2022). Health effects associated with consumption of unprocessed red meat: a Burden of Proof study. Nature medicine, 28(10), 2075–2082. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-01968-z

  • Sanders, L. M., Wilcox, M. L., & Maki, K. C. (2023). Red meat consumption and risk factors for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. European journal of clinical nutrition, 77(2), 156–165. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-022-01150-1

  • Aubree L. Hawley, Xinya Liang, Elisabet Børsheim, Robert R. Wolfe, Lutishoor Salisbury, Emma Hendy, Hexirui Wu, Sam Walker, Angela M. Tacinelli, Jamie I. Baum, The potential role of beef and nutrients found in beef on outcomes of wellbeing in healthy adults 50 years of age and older: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials, Meat Science, Volume 189, 2022 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0309174022000985

Trastornos mentales​

  • Kouvari M, Tyrovolas S, Panagiotakos DB. Red meat consumption and healthy ageing: A review. Maturitas. 2016 Feb;84:17-24. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.11.006. Epub 2015 Nov 18. PMID: 26642896. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26642896/
  • Dobersek, U., Wy, G., Adkins, J., Altmeyer, S., Krout, K., Lavie, C. J., & Archer, E. (2020). Meat and mental health: a systematic review of meat abstention and depression, anxiety, and related phenomena. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 61(4), 622–635. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1741505
  • Dobersek, U., Teel, K., Altmeyer, S., Adkins, J., Wy, G., & Peak, J. (2021). Meat and mental health: A meta-analysis of meat consumption, depression, and anxiety. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 63(19), 3556–3573. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.1974336

ECA -RCT

  • Schatzkin A, Lanza E, Corle D.  et al. Polyp Prevention Trial Study Group.  Lack of effect of a low-fat, high-fiber diet on the recurrence of colorectal adenomas.  N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1149-115510770979

  • Beresford SAA, Johnson KC, Ritenbaugh C, et al. Low-Fat Dietary Pattern and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: The Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial. JAMA. 2006;295(6):643–654. doi:10.1001/jama.295.6.643 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/202340

  • Hodgson, J. M., Ward, N. C., Burke, V., Beilin, L. J., & Puddey, I. B. (2007). Increased lean red meat intake does not elevate markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in humans. The Journal of nutrition, 137(2), 363–367. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/137.2.363

  • Lytle, J. R., Stanelle, S. T., Martin, S. E., Smith, S. B., Smith, D. R., & Crouse, S. F. (2023). Assessment of Vascular Function in Response to High-Fat and Low-Fat Ground Beef Consumption in Men. Nutrients, 15(6), 1410. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061410

  • Turner, K. M., Keogh, J. B., & Clifton, P. M. (2015). Red meat, dairy, and insulin sensitivity: a randomized crossover intervention study. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 101(6), 1173–1179. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.104976

Epidemiología

  • Jim Mann 1997 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1892297/pdf/v078p00450.pdf
  • Iqbal R, Dehghan M, Mente A, Rangarajan S, Wielgosz A, Avezum A, Seron P, AlHabib KF, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Swaminathan S, Mohammadifard N, Zatońska K, Bo H, Varma RP, Rahman O, Yusufali A, Lu Y, Ismail N, Rosengren A, Imeryuz N, Yeates K, Chifamba J, Dans A, Kumar R, Xiaoyun L, Tsolekile L, Khatib R, Diaz R, Teo K, Yusuf S. Associations of unprocessed and processed meat intake with mortality and cardiovascular disease in 21 countries [Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) Study]: a prospective cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021 Sep 1;114(3):1049-1058. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa448. PMID: 33787869.
  • You W, Henneberg R, Saniotis A, Ge Y, Henneberg M. Total Meat Intake is Associated with Life Expectancy: A Cross-Sectional Data Analysis of 175 Contemporary Populations. Int J Gen Med. 2022 Feb 22;15:1833-1851. doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S333004. PMID: 35228814; PMCID: PMC8881926. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8881926/
  • Lee, J. E., McLerran, D. F., Rolland, B., Chen, Y., Grant, E. J., Vedanthan, R., Inoue, M., Tsugane, S., Gao, Y. T., Tsuji, I., Kakizaki, M., Ahsan, H., Ahn, Y. O., Pan, W. H., Ozasa, K., Yoo, K. Y., Sasazuki, S., Yang, G., Watanabe, T., Sugawara, Y., … Sinha, R. (2013). Meat intake and cause-specific mortality: a pooled analysis of Asian prospective cohort studies. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 98(4), 1032–1041. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.062638
  • Wood, A. C., Graca, G., Gadgil, M., Senn, M. K., Allison, M. A., Tzoulaki, I., Greenland, P., Ebbels, T., Elliott, P., Goodarzi, M. O., Tracy, R., Rotter, J. I., & Herrington, D. (2023). Untargeted metabolomic analysis investigating links between unprocessed red meat intake and markers of inflammation. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 118(5), 989–999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.08.018
  • Mihrshahi S, Ding D, Gale J, Allman-Farinelli M, Banks E, Bauman AE. Vegetarian diet and all-cause mortality: Evidence from a large population-based Australian cohort – the 45 and Up Study. Prev Med. 2017 Apr;97:1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.12.044. Epub 2016 Dec 29. PMID: 28040519.
  • Appleby PN, Crowe FL, Bradbury KE, Travis RC, Key TJ. Mortality in vegetarians and comparable nonvegetarians in the United Kingdom. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016 Jan;103(1):218-30. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.115.119461. Epub 2015 Dec 9. PMID: 26657045; PMCID: PMC4691673.

Revisiones narrativas y artículos

  • To eat or not to eat meat. That is the question Comer o no comer carne. ¿Es esa la incógnita? Paloma Celada, Sara Bastida and Francisco J. Sánchez-Muniz
  • Nutr Hosp. 2016; 33(1):177-181 ISSN 0212-1611 – CODEN NUHOEQ S.V.R. 318 https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/3092/309245772028.pdf
  • Kruger, C., & Zhou, Y. (2018). Red meat and colon cancer: A review of mechanistic evidence for heme in the context of risk assessment methodology. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 118, 131–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.0482..
  • Klurfeld DM. What is the role of meat in a healthy diet? Anim Front. 2018 Jul 7;8(3):5-10. doi: 10.1093/af/vfy009. PMID: 32071794; PMCID: PMC7015455. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7015455/
  • Rubin R. Backlash Over Meat Dietary Recommendations Raises Questions About Corporate Ties to Nutrition Scientists. JAMA. 2020 Feb 4;323(5):401-404. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.21441. PMID: 31940003. https://www.tamus.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/JAMA-Article-1.15.20.pdf
  • Geiker NRW, Bertram HC, Mejborn H, Dragsted LO, Kristensen L, Carrascal JR, Bügel S, Astrup A. Meat and Human Health-Current Knowledge and Research Gaps. Foods. 2021 Jul 5;10(7):1556. doi: 10.3390/foods10071556. PMID: 34359429; PMCID: PMC8305097. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8305097/
  • Stanton, Alice V et al.  36-fold higher estimate of deaths attributable to red meat intake in GBD 2019: is this reliable?The Lancet, Volume 399, Issue 10332, e23 – e2 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(22)00311-7/fulltext
  • Giromini, C., & Givens, D. I. (2022). Benefits and Risks Associated with Meat Consumption during Key Life Processes and in Relation to the Risk of Chronic Diseases. Foods (Basel, Switzerland), 11(14), 2063. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11142063
  • Frédéric Leroy, Nick W Smith, Adegbola T Adesogan, Ty Beal, Lora Iannotti, Paul J Moughan, Neil Mann, The role of meat in the human diet: evolutionary aspects and nutritional value, Animal Frontiers, Volume 13, Issue 2, April 2023, Pages 11–18, https://doi.org/10.1093/af/vfac093
  • Johnston B, De Smet S, Leroy F, Mente A, Stanton A. Non-communicable disease risk associated with red and processed meat consumption-magnitude, certainty, and contextuality of risk? Anim Front. 2023 Apr 15;13(2):19-27. doi: 10.1093/af/vfac095. PMID: 37073320; PMCID: PMC10105855. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10105855/
  • C.H.S. Ruxton, S. Gordon, Animal board invited review: The contribution of red meat to adult nutrition and health beyond protein, Animal,Volume 18, Issue 3, 2024 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S175173112400034X#:~:text=Overall%2C%20the%20research%20highlights%20the,absorption%20and%20maintain%20overall%20health.
  • Kruger, C., & Zhou, Y. (2018). Red meat and colon cancer: A review of mechanistic evidence for heme in the context of risk assessment methodology. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 118, 131–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.0482.
  • Lozano J, Virgós E, Malo AF, et al. Human-carnivore relations: A systematic review. Biol Conserv. 2019;237:480-492.

Huevo

Grasas Saturadas

  • Harcombe Z, Baker JS, Cooper SM, et al. Evidence from randomised controlled trials did not support the introduction of dietary fat guidelines in 1977 and 1983: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Heart. 2015;2(1):e000196.
  • De Souza RJ, Mente A, Maroleanu A, et al. Association of dietary intake of saturated fat with heart disease. BMJ. 2015;351:h3978.
  • Siri-Tarino PW, Sun Q, Hu FB, et al. Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies evaluating the association of saturated fat with cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(3):535-546.
  • Liew SM, Lee WK, Khoo EM, et al. Systematic Review of the Outcomes of Primary Prevention Strategies for Cardiovascular Disease in Low-Risk Individuals. PLoS One. 2019;14(2):e0210859.
  • Johnston https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10541715/
  • 2024 umbrella review Reducir la grasa saturada reduce el ECV pero no la mortalidad https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11180890/
  • REANALYSIS OF THE MINNESOTA STUDY https://www.bmj.com/content/353/bmj.i1246

Queso

Dieta Cetogénica

Enfermedad cardiovascular

Diabetes

Trastornos mentales

Pérdida de grasa

  • Zhou, C., Wang, M., Liang, J., He, G., & Chen, N. (2022). Ketogenic Diet Benefits to Weight Loss, Glycemic Control, and Lipid Profiles in Overweight Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trails. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610429.
  • Vargas, S., Romance, R., Petro, J., Bonilla, D., Galancho, I., Espinar, S., Kreider, R., & Benítez-Porres, J. (2018). Efficacy of ketogenic diet on body composition during resistance training in trained men: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-018-0236-9.
  • Basciani, S., Camajani, E., Contini, S., Persichetti, A., Risi, R., Bertoldi, L., Strigari, L., Prossomariti, G., Watanabe, M., Mariani, S., Lubrano, C., Genco, A., Spera, G., & Gnessi, L. (2020). Very-Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diets with Whey, Vegetable or Animal Protein in Patients with Obesity: A Randomized Pilot Study. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa336
  • Paoli, A., Cenci, L., Pompei, P., Şahin, N., Bianco, A., Neri, M., Caprio, M., & Moro, T. (2021). Effects of Two Months of Very Low Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet on Body Composition, Muscle Strength, Muscle Area, and Blood Parameters in Competitive Natural Body Builders. Nutrients. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020374

Estatinas

  • Okuyama 2018 A critical review of the European atherosclerosis association  https://karger.com/pha/article/101/3-4/184/267189/A-Critical-Review-of-the-Consensus-Statement-from
  • Okuyama 2015 Statins increase atherosclerosis  https://zero.sci-hub.st/6903/236515921bd1b0f220157f14d451fac8/okuyama2015.pdf?download=true

LDL Colesterol

  • Alsaweed, M. (2021). Oxidative modification of lipoproteins: A potential role of oxidized small dense LDL in enhanced atherogenicity. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. https://doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i47a32997.
  • Ivanova, E., Myasoedova, V., Melnichenko, A., Grechko, A., & Orekhov, A. (2017). Small dense low-density lipoprotein as biomarker for atherosclerotic diseases. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1273042.
  • Chiu, S., Williams, P. T., & Krauss, R. M. (2017). Effects of a very high saturated fat diet on LDL particles in adults with atherogenic dyslipidemia: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE, 12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170664.
  • Volek, J. S., Sharman, M. J., & Forsythe, C. E. (2016). Lipid responses to a carbohydrate-restricted diet in type 2 diabetic patients: Meta-analysis and evidence-based recommendation. Lipids in Health and Disease. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-5-2.
  • Wood, T. R., Jacob, M., & Volek, J. S. (2020). Effects of ketogenic diet on cardiovascular risk factors: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial in metabolic syndrome patients. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.06.034.
  • Phinney, S. D., & Volek, J. S. (2014). The Art and Science of Low Carbohydrate Performance. Advances in Nutrition Science. https://doi.org/10.1093/advns/103.145.
  • Ravnskov 2018 LDL does not cause atherosclerosis  https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17512433.2018.1519391#d1e667
  • Sung 2019 Low ldl-c increases all cause mortality https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6832139/
  • Jones 2023 Evolution of more aggressive lipid lowering therapies https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10707224/
  • Ravnskov U, Diamond DM, Hama R, et al. Lack of an association or an inverse association between low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and mortality in the elderly: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2016;6(6):e010401.
  • Frohlich J, Dobiásová M, Adler L, et al. Plasma LDL-C is not a predictor of coronary heart disease in healthy individuals: a prospective study. Atherosclerosis. 2010;211(2):623-628.
  • Ravnskov U, Diamond DM, Hama R, et al. LDL-C does not cause cardiovascular disease: a comprehensive review of the current literature. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2018;11(10):959-970.

LDL-c causa ECV

Colesterol Dietético

HDL

APOb

Triglicéridos

Cantidad de proteínas

  •  Krieger, J., Sitren, H., Daniels, M., & Langkamp-Henken, B. (2006). Effects of variation in protein and carbohydrate intake on body mass and composition during energy restriction: A meta-regression. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 83(2), 260-74. https://doi.org/10.1093/AJCN/83.2.260
  • Morton, R. W., Murphy, K. T., McKellar, S. R., Schoenfeld, B., Henselmans, M., Helms, E., Aragon, A., Devries, M., Banfield, L., Krieger, J., & Phillips, S. M. (2017). A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52, 376-384. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097608
  • Nunes, E., Colenso-Semple, L. M., McKellar, S. R., Yau, T., Ali, M., Fitzpatrick-Lewis, D., Sherifali, D., Gaudichon, C., Tomé, D., Atherton, P., Robles, M., Naranjo-Modad, S., Braun, M., Landi, F., & Phillips, S. (2022). Systematic review and meta‐analysis of protein intake to support muscle mass and function in healthy adults. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 13, 795-810. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12922

Proteínas veganas vs animales

Phil Hugo

Nacido en Toulouse, Francia, en 1991, Phil Hugo es Farmacéutico por la Universidad Complutense de Madrid (2016), Master Business Administration Internacional por la escuela de negocio CEU San Pablo Madrid y la Universidad de California Berkeley  (2018), Entrenador Personal por la National Academy of Sports and Medicine (NASM, San Francisco, California, 2018).

En 2020 creó su escuela online de nutrición, suplementación, entrenamiento y salud integral, Intergalactic Academy, que a día de hoy cuenta con más de 5000 alumnos tanto profesionales de salud como amateurs en salud integrativa.

Autor de cursos reconocidos a nivel universitario, hoy en día best-sellers en el sector, como Ayuno Experto y Ceto Adaptación Avanzada. Phil es conferencista internacional y profesor en varias universidades como la Universidad Global de Florida y la Universidad Alfonso Décimo el Sabio en España. 

En 2024, cuenta con una comunidad de +400,000 personas divulgando a través de @thephilhugo su estilo de vida y pasiones como el ayuno intermitente, la cetosis, la hormonoterapia y la micronutrición.
Compra realizada

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